EGR 103/Concept List/F22

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Lecture 1 - 8/29 - Course Introduction

  • Main class page: EGR 103L
    • Includes links to Sakai, Pundit, and Ed pages
  • Sakai page: Sakai 103L page; grades, surveys and tests, some assignment submissions; first day slideshow in Resources section

Lecture 2 - 8/27 - Programs and Programming

  • Almost all languages have input, output, math, conditional execution (decisions), and repetition (loops)
  • Seven steps of programming The Seven Steps Poster. Also, for Monday's class:
  • Problem: Consider how to decide if a number is a prime number
    • Some "shortcuts" for specific factors but need to have a generalized approach
    • See if number is evenly divisible by any integer between 2 and the square root of the number - but how do we ask the computer to do that?
  • Quick tour of Python
    • Console (with history tab), variable explorer (with other tabs), and editing window
    • Main numerical types: whole numbers (int) and numbers with decimals (float)
    • Can use % (called "mod") to get "remainder"
      • If both items are integers, result is an integer; if either is a float, result is a float
    • Relational operators: < <= == >= > !=
      • Result is is either True or False
  • Comments in code:
    • If there is a #, Python ignores everything remaining in that line after the #
    • If there are """ or , Python ignores everything until the closing """ or
    • If you use # %% in Spyder, the editing window will set up a cell and light up the cell your cursor is in. Cells have no impact on how the code runs, just how the code appears in the window

Lecture 3 - 9/5 - "Number" Types

  • Python is a "typed" language
    • Focus of the day: int, float, and array
      • int: integers; Python 3 can store these perfectly
      • float: floating point numbers - "numbers with decimal points" - Python sometimes has problems storing floating point items exactly
    • Focus a little later: string, list, tuple
    • Focus later: dictionary, set
    • Focus way later: map, filter, zip
  • Basic operations and types
    • + - * // (rounded division) and % (remainder / modulo) produce int if both sides are an int, float if either or both are floats
    • / (regular division) and // (rounded division) produces float with ints or floats
    • ** to do powers
    • VAR = input("prompt: ") will ask the user for a value and stores whatever they type as a string (broken in some versions of Spyder!)
    • NUM = int(VAR)
      • If VAR is an int or a float, it will return an int rounded towards 0
      • If VAR is a string, it will return an int only if the string looks exactly like an integer
    • NUM = float(VAR)
      • If VAR is an int or a float, it will return a float with the same value
      • If VAR is a string, it will return a float if the string looks like a float, including scientific notation such as float("1.23e4")
  • Arrays
    • Python doesn't know everything to start with; may need to import things
      • import MODULE means using MODULE.function() to run
      • import MODULE as NAME means using NAME.function() to run
    • Organizational unit for storing rectangular arrays of numbers
    • Generally create with np.array(LIST) where depth of nested LIST is dimensionality of array
      • np.array([1, 2, 3]) is a 1-dimensional array with 3 elements
      • np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]) is a 2-dimension array with 2 rows and 3 columns
  • Math with "Number" types works the way you expect
    • ** * / // % + -
    • With arrays, * and / work element by element; *matrix* multiplication is a different character (specifically, @)
  • Relational operators can compare "Number" Types and work the way you expect with True or False as an answer
    • < <= == >= > !=
    • With arrays, either same size or one is a single value; result will be an array of True and False the same size as the array
  • Slices allow us to extract information from a collection or change information in mutable collections
  • a[0] is the element in a at the start
  • a[3] is the element in a three away from the start
  • a[-1] is the last element of a
  • a[-2] is the second-to-last element of a
  • a[:] is all the elements in a because what is really happening is:
    • a[start:until] where start is the first index and until is just *past* the last index;
    • a[3:7] will return a[3] through a[6] in a 4-element array
    • a[start:until:increment] will skip indices by increment instead of 1
    • To go backwards, a[start:until:-increment] will start at an index and then go backwards until getting at or just past until.
  • For 2-D arrays, you can index items with either separate row and column indices or indices separated by commas:
    • a[2][3] is the same as a[2, 3]
    • Only works for arrays!

Lecture 4 - 9/9 - Other Types

  • Lists are set off with [ ] and entries can be any valid type (including other lists!); entries can be of different types from other entries; list items can be changed and mutable items within lists can be changed. Lists can be "grown" by using += with the list or l.append().
  • Tuples are indicated by commas without square brackets (and are usually shown with parentheses - which are required if trying to make a tuple an entry in a tuple or a list); tuple items cannot be changed but mutable items within tuples can be
  • Strings are set off with " " or ' ' and contain characters; string items cannot be changed
  • For lists, tuples, and strings:
    • Using + concatenates the two collections
    • Using * with them makes creates a collection with the original repeated that many times
    • Using += will create a new item with something appended to the old item; the "something" needs to be the same type (list, tuple, or string); this may seem to break the "can't be changed" rule but really a += b is a = a + b which creates a new a.
  • Characters in strings have "numerical" values based on the ASCII table (https://www.asciitable.com/)
    • Numbers are earlier than lower case letters; lower case letters are earlier than upper case letters
    • Strings are sorted character by character; if one string is shorter than another, it is considered less
      • " Hello" < "Hi" is True since the "e" comes before the "i"
      • "Zebra" < "apple" is True since the upper case "Z" is before the lower case "a"
      • "go" < "gone" is True since the first two characters match and then the word is done
  • To get the numerical value of a single character, use ord("A") or replace the A with the character you want
  • To get the character a number represents, use chr(NUM)
  • To apply either ord or chr to multiple items, use a map; to see the results, make a list out of the map
  • Trinket

  • To read more:
    • Note! Many of the tutorials below use Python 2 so instead of print(thing) it shows print thing
    • Lists at tutorialspoint
    • Tuples at tutorialspoint
  • Creating formatted strings using {} and .format() (format strings, standard format specifiers) -- focus was on using s for string and e or f for numerical types, minimumwidth.precision, and possibly a + in front to force printing + for positive numbers.
    • Using {} by themselves will substitute items in order from the format() function into the string that gets created
    • Putting a number in the {} will tell format which thing to get
    • Format specification comes after a : in the {}; if you do not specify a location index, you still have to put a colon in the {}
    • {:s} means string and {:Xs} where X is an integer means reserve at least that much space for a left-formatted string
    • {:f} means floating point (default 6 digits after decimal point) and {:X.Yf} reserves at least X spaces (including + or - and the . if it is there) with Y digits after the decimal point for t right-justified number
    • {:e} means floating point (default 6 digits after decimal point) and {:X.Ye} reserves at least X spaces (including + or - and the . if it is there and the letter e and the + or - after the e and the two or three digit number after that) with Y digits after the decimal point for t right-justified number
  • Aside - Format Specification Mini-Language has all the possibilities; we will cover some but not all of these in later classes
  • You can enter numbers in scientific notation with a number followed by the letter 3 and then a number or negative number for the power of 10; for example, x = 6.02e23 or e = -1.6e-19
    • float can convert scientific notation as well:
float("1e-5")

Lecture 5 - 9/12 - Functions

  • Defined functions can be multiple lines of code and have multiple outputs.
  • The function can see everything in main, but main cannot see things created in the function.
    • Best bet is to pretend the function cannot see things in main - pass everything in that you need to see!
  •  def FNAME(local1, local2, ...):
     CODE
     return THING1, THING2, ...
    • Four different types of input parameters - we only really talked about the first three kinds:
      • Required (listed first)
      • Named with defaults (second)
      • Additional positional arguments ("*args") (third)
        • Function will create a tuple containing these items in order
      • Additional keyword arguments ("**kwargs") (last)
        • Function will create a dictionary of keyword and value pairs
    • Function ends when indentation stops or when the function hits a return statement
    • Return returns single item as an item of that type; if there are multiple items returned, they are stored and returned in a tuple
    • If there is a left side to the function call, it either needs to be a single variable name or a tuple with as many entries as the number of items returned
  • Dictionaries
    • Object where the index (called the key) can be any immutable (integer, float, string, or tuple); the value can be anything.

Lecture 6 - 9/16 - Loops and Decisions

  • The Price is Right!
  • Logic
    • <= < == >= > != work with many types; just be careful about interpreting
    • not can reverse while and and or can combine logical expressions; most expressions can be written in two ways (while/if TRUE or while/if not FALSE)
  • Basics of decisions using if...elif...else
    • Must have logic after if
    • Can have as many elif with logic after
    • Can have an else without logic at the end
    • Flow is solely dependent on indentation!
    • Branches can contain other trees for follow-up questions
  • Basics of loops using while
    • Must have logic; gets evaluated at start and not again until branch ends
    • Useful when you do not know how many times a loop will run (input validation example)
    • break in a loop can break out early
    • continue in a loop goes back to the top early
  • Basics of loops using for
    • for VAR in ITERABLE
      • VAR will take on each item in ITERABLE one at a time; ITERABLE can be a string, list, tuple, array, or range
        • range(N) creates something similar to [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., N-1]
        • range(M, N) creates something similar to [M, M+1, M+2, ..., N-1]
        • range only creates integers

Lecture 7 - 9/19 - Loops and Accounting

  • Looked at looping through letters in a phrase
  • Logic: ITEM in THING will be true if ITEM is a subunit of THING
    • "a" in "subway" would be True
    • "way" in "subway" would be True
    • "as" in "subway" would be False
  • Many ways to keep track of items
    • Counter variable
    • List with different indices to track different items
  • Many ways to evaluate items
    • For loop with an if tree
    • For loop with another for loop


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